When an investigator contacts by telephone the domain administrator or controller listed by a Who is lookup to request all e-mails sent and received for a user account be preserved, what U.S.C. statute authorizes this phone call and obligates the ISP to preserve e-mail records?

Item 2If you come across a sheepdip machine at your client site, what would you infer?

In a computer forensics investigation, what describes the route that evidence takes from the time you find it until the case is closed or goes to court?

How many characters long is the fixed-length MD5 algorithm checksum of a critical system file?

You are working on a thesis for your doctorate degree in Computer Science. Your thesis is based on HTML, DHTML, and other web-based languages and how they have evolved over the years. You navigate to archive. org and view the HTML code of news.com. You then navigate to the current news.com website and copy over the source code. While searching through the code, you come across something abnormal: What have you found?

When an investigator contacts by telephone the domain administrator or controller listed by a Who is lookup to request all e-mails sent and received for a user account be preserved, what U.S.C. statute authorizes this phone call and obligates the ISP to preserve e-mail records?

Item 2If you come across a sheepdip machine at your client site, what would you infer?

In a computer forensics investigation, what describes the route that evidence takes from the time you find it until the case is closed or goes to court?

How many characters long is the fixed-length MD5 algorithm checksum of a critical system file?

You are working on a thesis for your doctorate degree in Computer Science. Your thesis is based on HTML, DHTML, and other web-based languages and how they have evolved over the years. You navigate to archive. org and view the HTML code of news.com. You th

You are using DriveSpy, a forensic tool and want to copy 150 sectors where the starting sector is 1709 on the primary hard drive. Which of the following formats correctly specifies these sectors?

The newer Macintosh Operating System is based on:

Before you are called to testify as an expert, what must an attorney do first?

You are contracted to work as a computer forensics investigator for a regional bank that has four 30 TB storage area networks that store customer data. What method would be most efficient for you to acquire digital evidence from this network?

You are working for a large clothing manufacturer as a computer forensics investigator and are called in to investigate an unusual case of an employee possibly stealing clothing designs from the company and selling them under a different brand name for a different company. What you discover during the course of the investigation is that the clothing designs are actually original products of the employee and the company has no policy against an employee selling his own designs on his own time. The only thing that you can find that the employee is doing wrong is that his clothing design incorporates the same graphic symbol as that of the company with only the wording in the graphic being different. What area of the law is the employee violating?

What file structure database would you expect to find on floppy disks?

What type of attack occurs when an attacker can force a router to stop forwarding packets by flooding the router with many open connections simultaneously so that all the hosts behind the router are effectively disabled?

When examining a file with a Hex Editor, what space does the file header occupy?

In the context of file deletion process, which of the following statement holds true?

A suspect is accused of violating the acceptable use of computing resources, as he has visited adult websites and downloaded images. The investigator wants to demonstrate that the suspect did indeed visit these sites. However, the suspect has cleared the search history and emptied the cookie cache. Moreover, he has removed any images he might have downloaded. What can the investigator do to prove the violation?

A(n) _____________________ is one that’s performed by a computer program rather than the attacker manually performing the steps in the attack sequence.

The offset in a hexadecimal code is:

It takes _____________ mismanaged case/s to ruin your professional reputation as a computer forensics examiner?

With the standard Linux second extended file system (Ext2fs), a file is deleted when the inode internal link count reaches ________.

When examining the log files from a Windows IIS Web Server, how often is a new log file created?

Which part of the Windows Registry contains the user’s password file?

An employee is attempting to wipe out data stored on a couple of compact discs (CDs) and digital video discs (DVDs) by using a large magnet. You inform him that this method will not be effective in wiping out the data because CDs and DVDs are ______________ media used to store large amounts of data and are not affected by the magnet.

Lance wants to place a honeypot on his network. Which of the following would be your recommendations?

What does the acronym POST mean as it relates to a PC?

Which legal document allows law enforcement to search an office, place of business, or other locale for evidence relating to an alleged crime?

You are working as an investigator for a corporation and you have just received instructions from your manager to assist in the collection of 15 hard drives that are part of an ongoing investigation. Your job is to complete the required evidence custody forms to properly document each piece of evidence as it is collected by other members of your team. Your manager instructs you to complete one multi-evidence form for the entire case and a single-evidence form for each hard drive. How will these forms be stored to help preserve the chain of custody of the case?

The MD5 program is used to:

Which is a standard procedure to perform during all computer forensics investigations?

E-mail logs contain which of the following information to help you in your investigation?

In a forensic examination of hard drives for digital evidence, what type of user is most likely to have the most file slack to analyze?

In what way do the procedures for dealing with evidence in a criminal case differ from the procedures for dealing with evidence in a civil case?

You are assigned to work in the computer forensics lab of a state police agency. While working on a high profile criminal case, you have followed every applicable procedure, however your boss is still concerned that the defense attorney might question whether evidence has been changed while at the lab. What can you do to prove that the evidence is the same as it was when it first entered the lab?

Study the log given below and answer the following question: Apr 24 14:46:46 [4663]: spp_portscan: portscan detected from 194.222.156.169
Apr 24 14:46:46 [4663]: IDS27/FIN Scan: 194.222.156.169:56693 -> 172.16.1.107:482
Apr 24 18:01:05 [4663]: IDS/DNS-version-query: 212.244.97.121:3485 -> 172.16.1.107:53
Apr 24 19:04:01 [4663]: IDS213/ftp-passwd-retrieval: 194.222.156.169:1425 -> 172.16.1.107:21
Apr 25 08:02:41 [5875]: spp_portscan: PORTSCAN DETECTED from 24.9.255.53
Apr 25 02:08:07 [5875]: IDS277/DNS-version-query: 63.226.81.13:4499 -> 172.16.1.107:53
Apr 25 02:08:07 [5875]: IDS277/DNS-version-query: 63.226.81.13:4630 -> 172.16.1.101:53
Apr 25 02:38:17 [5875]: IDS/RPC-rpcinfo-query: 212.251.1.94:642 -> 172.16.1.107:111
Apr 25 19:37:32 [5875]: IDS230/web-cgi-space-wildcard: 198.173.35.164:4221 -> 172.16.1.107:80
Apr 26 05:45:12 [6283]: IDS212/dns-zone-transfer: 38.31.107.87:2291 -> 172.16.1.101:53
Apr 26 06:43:05 [6283]: IDS181/nops-x86: 63.226.81.13:1351 -> 172.16.1.107:53
Apr 26 06:44:25 victim7 PAM_pwdb[12509]: (login) session opened for user simple by (uid=0)
Apr 26 06:44:36 victim7 PAM_pwdb[12521]: (su) session opened for user simon by simple(uid=506)
Apr 26 06:45:34 [6283]: IDS175/socks-probe: 24.112.167.35:20 -> 172.16.1.107:1080
Apr 26 06:52:10 [6283]: IDS127/telnet-login-incorrect: 172.16.1.107:23 -> 213.28.22.189:4558
Precautionary measures to prevent this attack would include writing firewall rules. Of these firewall rules, which among the following would be appropriate?

When monitoring for both intrusion and security events between multiple computers, it is essential that the computers’ clocks are synchronized. Synchronized time allows an administrator to reconstruct what took place during an attack against multiple computers. Without synchronized time, it is very difficult to determine exactly when specific events took place, and how events interlace. What is the name of the service used to synchronize time among multiple computers?

When investigating a potential e-mail crime, what is your first step in the investigation?

If a suspect computer is located in an area that may have toxic chemicals, you must:

The following excerpt is taken from a honeypot log. The log captures activities across three days.

There are several intrusion attempts; however, a few are successful.
(Note: The objective of this question is to test whether the student can read basic information from log entries and interpret the nature of attack.)
Apr 24 14:46:46 [4663]: spp_portscan: portscan detected from 194.222.156.169
Apr 24 14:46:46 [4663]: IDS27/FIN Scan: 194.222.156.169:56693 -> 172.16.1.107:482
Apr 24 18:01:05 [4663]: IDS/DNS-version-query: 212.244.97.121:3485 -> 172.16.1.107:53
Apr 24 19:04:01 [4663]: IDS213/ftp-passwd-retrieval: 194.222.156.169:1425 -> 172.16.1.107:21
Apr 25 08:02:41 [5875]: spp_portscan: PORTSCAN DETECTED from 24.9.255.53
Apr 25 02:08:07 [5875]: IDS277/DNS-version-query: 63.226.81.13:4499 -> 172.16.1.107:53
Apr 25 02:08:07 [5875]: IDS277/DNS-version-query: 63.226.81.13:4630 -> 172.16.1.101:53
Apr 25 02:38:17 [5875]: IDS/RPC-rpcinfo-query: 212.251.1.94:642 -> 172.16.1.107:111
Apr 25 19:37:32 [5875]: IDS230/web-cgi-space-wildcard: 198.173.35.164:4221 -> 172.16.1.107:80
Apr 26 05:45:12 [6283]: IDS212/dns-zone-transfer: 38.31.107.87:2291 -> 172.16.1.101:53
Apr 26 06:43:05 [6283]: IDS181/nops-x86: 63.226.81.13:1351 -> 172.16.1.107:53
Apr 26 06:44:25 victim7 PAM_pwdb[12509]: (login) session opened for user simple by (uid=0)
Apr 26 06:44:36 victim7 PAM_pwdb[12521]: (su) session opened for user simon by simple(uid=506)
Apr 26 06:45:34 [6283]: IDS175/socks-probe: 24.112.167.35:20 -> 172.16.1.107:1080
Apr 26 06:52:10 [6283]: IDS127/telnet-login-incorrect: 172.16.1.107:23 -> 213.28.22.189:4558
From the options given below choose the one which best interprets the following entry:
Apr 26 06:43:05 [6283]: IDS181/nops-x86: 63.226.81.13:1351 -> 172.16.1.107:53

What happens when a file is deleted by a Microsoft operating system using the FAT file system?

What term is used to describe a cryptographic technique for embedding information into something else for the sole purpose of hiding that information from the casual observer?

During the course of an investigation, you locate evidence that may prove the innocence of the suspect of the investigation. You must maintain an unbiased opinion and be objective in your entire fact finding process. Therefore, you report this evidence. This type of evidence is known as:

If you discover a criminal act while investigating a corporate policy abuse, it becomes a publicsector investigation and should be referred to law enforcement?

What binary coding is used most often for e-mail purposes?

If you see the files Zer0.tar.gz and copy.tar.gz on a Linux system while doing an investigation, what can you conclude?

If you plan to startup a suspect’s computer, you must modify the ___________ to ensure that you do not contaminate or alter data on the suspect’s hard drive by booting to the hard drive.

You are working for a local police department that services a population of 1,000,000 people and you have been given the task of building a computer forensics lab. How many law-enforcement computer investigators should you request to staff the lab?

When obtaining a warrant, it is important to:

What does the superblock in Linux define?

Diskcopy is:

Sectors in hard disks typically contain how many bytes?

Area density refers to:

Which of the following should a computer forensics lab used for investigations have?

Jason is the security administrator of ACMA metal Corporation. One day he notices the company’s Oracle database server has been compromised and the customer information along with financial data has been stolen. The financial loss will be in millions of dollars if the database gets into the hands of the competitors. Jason wants to report this crime to the law enforcement agencies immediately. Which organization coordinates computer crimes investigations throughout the United States?

You should make at least how many bit-stream copies of a suspect drive?

Why should you note all cable connections for a computer you want to seize as evidence?

What header field in the TCP/IP protocol stack involves the hacker exploit known as the Ping of Death?

What method of computer forensics will allow you to trace all ever-established user accounts on a Windows 2000 sever the course of its lifetime?

Which response organization tracks hoaxes as well as viruses?

Which federal computer crime law specifically refers to fraud and related activity in connection with access devices like routers?

Office documents (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) contain a code that allows tracking the MAC, or unique identifier, of the machine that created the document. What is that code called?

What TCP/UDP port does the toolkit program netstat use?

Under which Federal Statutes does FBI investigate for computer crimes involving e-mail scams and mail fraud?

In a FAT32 system, a 123 KB file will use how many sectors?

You have been asked to investigate the possibility of computer fraud in the finance department of a company. It is suspected that a staff member has been committing finance fraud by printing cheques that have not been authorized. You have exhaustively searched all data files on a bitmap image of the target computer, but have found no evidence. You suspect the files may not have been saved. What should you examine next in this case?

When performing a forensics analysis, what device is used to prevent the system from recording data on an evidence disk?

How many sectors will a 125 KB file use in a FAT32 file system?

You are called by an author who is writing a book and he wants to know how long the copyright for his book will last after he has the book published?

When investigating a network that uses DHCP to assign IP addresses, where would you look to determine which system (MAC address) had a specific IP address at a specific time?

Bob has been trying to penetrate a remote production system for the past two weeks. This time however, he is able to get into the system. He was able to use the System for a period of three weeks. However, law enforcement agencies were recoding his every activity and this was later presented as evidence. The organization had used a Virtual Environment to trap Bob. What is a Virtual Environment?

To make sure the evidence you recover and analyze with computer forensics software can be admitted in court, you must test and validate the software. What group is actively providing tools and creating procedures for testing and validating computer forensics software?

With Regard to using an Antivirus scanner during a computer forensics investigation, You should:

Windows identifies which application to open a file with by examining which of the following?

You have used a newly released forensic investigation tool, which doesn’t meet the Daubert Test, during a case. The case has ended-up in court. What argument could the defense make to weaken your case?

Which of the following is NOT a graphics file?

When conducting computer forensic analysis, you must guard against ______________ So that you remain focused on the primary job and insure that the level of work does not increase beyond what was originally expected.

In General, __________________ Involves the investigation of data that can be retrieved from the hard disk or other disks of a computer by applying scientific methods to retrieve the data.

When you carve an image, recovering the image depends on which of the following skills?

When a file is deleted by Windows Explorer or through the MS-DOS delete command, the operating system inserts _______________ in the first letter position of the filename in the FAT database.

While working for a prosecutor, what do you think you should do if the evidence you found appears to be exculpatory and is not being released to the defense?

In Microsoft file structures, sectors are grouped together to form:

What type of file is represented by a colon (:) with a name following it in the Master File Table of NTFS disk?

An Employee is suspected of stealing proprietary information belonging to your company that he had no rights to possess. The information was stored on the Employees Computer that was protected with the NTFS Encrypted File System (EFS) and you had observed him copy the files to a floppy disk just before leaving work for the weekend. You detain the Employee before he leaves the building and recover the floppy disks and secure his computer. Will you be able to break the encryption so that you can verify that that the employee was in possession of the proprietary information?

When examining a hard disk without a write-blocker, you should not start windows because Windows will write data to the:

You are called in to assist the police in an investigation involving a suspected drug dealer. The suspects house was searched by the police after a warrant was obtained and they located a floppy disk in the suspects bedroom. The disk contains several files, but they appear to be password protected. What are two common methods used by password cracking software that you can use to obtain the password?

When reviewing web logs, you see an entry for resource not found in the HTTP status code filed. What is the actual error code that you would see in the log for resource not found?

Volatile Memory is one of the leading problems for forensics. Worms such as code Red are memory resident and do write themselves to the hard drive, if you turn the system off they disappear. In a lab environment, which of the following options would you suggest as the most appropriate to overcome the problem of capturing volatile memory?

You are working in the security Department of law firm. One of the attorneys asks you about the topic of sending fake email because he has a client who has been charged with doing just that. His client alleges that he is innocent and that there is no way for a fake email to actually be sent. You inform the attorney that his client is mistaken and that fake email is possibility and that you can prove it. You return to your desk and craft a fake email to the attorney that appears to come from his boss. What port do you send the email to on the company SMTP server?

This is original file structure database that Microsoft originally designed for floppy disks. It is written to the outermost track of a disk and contains information about each file stored on the drive.

What should you do when approached by a reporter about a case that you are working on or have worked on?

Which of the following refers to the data that might still exist in a cluster even though the original file has been overwritten by another file?

A state department site was recently attacked and all the servers had their disks erased. The incident response team sealed the area and commenced investigation. During evidence collection they came across a zip disks that did not have the standard labeling on it. The incident team ran the disk on an isolated system and found that the system disk was accidentally erased. They decided to call in the FBI for further investigation. Meanwhile, they short listed possible suspects including three summer interns. Where did the incident team go wrong?

When investigating a Windows System, it is important to view the contents of the page or swap file because:

Chris has been called upon to investigate a hacking incident reported by one of his clients. The company suspects the involvement of an insider accomplice in the attack. Upon reaching the incident scene, Chris secures the physical area, records the scene using visual media. He shuts the system down by pulling the power plug so that he does not disturb the system in any way. He labels all cables and connectors prior to disconnecting any. What do you think would be the next sequence of events?

The use of warning banners helps a company avoid litigation by overcoming an employee assumed __________________________. When connecting to the company’s intranet, network or Virtual Private Network(VPN) and will allow the company’s investigators to monitor, search and retrieve information stored within the network.

What does mactime, an essential part of the coroner’s toolkit do?

One way to identify the presence of hidden partitions on a suspect’s hard drive is to:

What information do you need to recover when searching a victim’s computer for a crime committed with specific e-mail message?

Melanie was newly assigned to an investigation and asked to make a copy of all the evidence from the compromised system. Melanie did a DOS copy of all the files on the system. What would be the primary reason for you to recommend a disk imaging tool?

You are employed directly by an attorney to help investigate an alleged sexual harassment case at a large pharmaceutical manufacture. While at the corporate office of the company, the CEO demands to know the status of the investigation. What prevents you from discussing the case with the CEO?

One technique for hiding information is to change the file extension from the correct one to one that might not be noticed by an investigator. For example, [1] extension?

This organization maintains a database of hash signatures for known software.

The ____________________ refers to handing over the results of private investigations to the authorities because of indications of criminal activity.

You are working as Computer Forensics investigator and are called by the owner of an accounting firm to investigate possible computer abuse by one of the firm’s employees. You meet with the owner of the firm and discover that the company has never published a policy stating that they reserve the right to inspect their computing assets at will. What do you do?

During the course of a corporate investigation, you find that an Employee is committing a crime. Can the Employer file a criminal complaint with Police?

____________________ is simply the application of Computer Investigation and analysis techniques in the interests of determining potential legal evidence.

What is the name of the Standard Linux Command that is also available as windows application that can be used to create bit-stream images?

To preserve digital evidence, an investigator should ____________________.

Profiling is a forensics technique for analyzing evidence with the goal of identifying the perpetrator from their various activity. After a computer has been compromised by a hacker, which of the following would be most important in forming a profile of the incident?

Printing under a Windows Computer normally requires which one of the following files types to be created?

An Expert witness give an opinion if:

When using Windows acquisitions tools to acquire digital evidence, it is important to use a well-tested hardware write-blocking device to:

Office Documents (Word, Excel and PowerPoint) contain a code that allows tracking the MAC or unique identifier of the machine that created the document. What is that code called?

You have completed a forensic investigation case. You would like to destroy the data contained in various disks at the forensics lab due to sensitivity of the case. How would you permanently erase the data on the hard disk?

You have been asked to investigate after a user has reported a threatening e-mail they have received from an external source. Which of the following are you most interested in when trying to trace the source of the message?

You are working as a Computer forensics investigator for a corporation on a computer abuse case. You discover evidence that shows the subject of your investigation is also embezzling money from the company. The company CEO and the corporate legal counsel advise you to contact law enforcement and provide them with the evidence that you have found. The law enforcement officer that responds requests that you put a network sniffer on your network and monitor all traffic to the subject’s computer. You inform the officer that you will not be able to comply with that request because doing so would:

A law enforcement officer may only search for and seize criminal evidence with _______________________, which are facts or circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe a crime has been committed or is about to be committed, evidence of the specific crime exists and the evidence of the specific crime exists at the place to be searched.

The police believe that Melvin Matthew has been obtaining unauthorized access to computers belonging to numerous computer software and computer operating systems manufacturers, cellular telephone manufacturers, Internet Service Providers and Educational Institutions. They also suspect that he has been stealing, copying and misappropriating proprietary computer software belonging to the several victim companies. What is preventing the police from breaking down the suspects door and searching his home and seizing all of his computer equipment if they have not yet obtained a warrant?

When cataloging digital evidence, the primary goal is to

You are conducting an investigation of fraudulent claims in an insurance company that involves complex text searches through large numbers of documents. Which of the following tools would allow you to quickly and efficiently search for a string within a file on the bitmap image of the target computer?

As a CHFI professional, which of the following is the most important to your professional reputation?

In conducting a computer abuse investigation you become aware that the suspect of the investigation is using ABC Company as his Internet Service Provider (ISP). You contact ISP and request that they provide you assistance with your investigation. What assistance can the ISP provide?

You are assisting in the investigation of a possible Web Server Hack. The company who called you stated that customers reported to them that whenever they entered the web address of the company in their browser, what they received was a porno graphic web site. The company checked the web server and nothing appears wrong. When you type in the IP address of the web site in your browser everything appears normal. What is the name of the attack that affects the DNS cache of the name resolution servers, resulting in those servers directing users to the wrong web site?

You are working as an independent computer forensics investigator and receive a call from a systems administrator for a local school system requesting your assistance. One of the students at the local high school is suspected of downloading inappropriate images from the Internet to a PC in the Computer lab. When you arrive at the school, the systems administrator hands you a hard drive and tells you that he made a simple backup copy of the hard drive in the PC and put it on this drive and requests that you examine that drive for evidence of the suspected images. You inform him that a simple backup copy will not provide deleted files or recover file fragments. What type of copy do you need to make to ensure that the evidence found is complete and admissible in future proceedings?

Law enforcement officers are conducting a legal search for which a valid warrant was obtained. While conducting the search, officers observe an item of evidence for an unrelated crime that was not included in the warrant. The item was clearly visible to the officers and immediately identified as evidence. What is the term used to describe how this evidence is admissible?

Microsoft Outlook maintains email messages in a proprietary format in what type of file?

The efforts to obtain information before a trail by demanding documents, depositions, questioned and answers written under oath, written requests for admissions of fact and examination of the scene is a description of what legal term?

The rule of thumb when shutting down a system is to pull the power plug. However, it has certain drawbacks. Which of the following would that be?

You are a computer forensics investigator working with local police department and you are called to assist in an investigation of threatening emails. The complainant has printer out 27 email messages from the suspect and gives the printouts to you. You inform her that you will need to examine her computer because you need access to the _________________________ in order to track the emails back to the suspect.

Hackers can gain access to Windows Registry and manipulate user passwords, DNS settings, access rights or others features that they may need in order to accomplish their objectives. One simple method for loading an application at startup is to add an entry (Key) to the following Registry Hive:

Which of the following file system is used by Mac OS X?

When you are running a vulnerability scan on a network and the IDS cuts off your connection, what type of IDS is being used?

Simon is a former employee of Trinitron XML Inc. He feels he was wrongly terminated and wants to hack into his former company’s network. Since Simon remembers some of the server names, he attempts to run the axfr and ixfr commands using DIG. What is Simon trying to accomplish here?

What will the following command produce on a website login page? SELECT email, passwd, login_id, full_name FROM members WHERE email = ‘someone@somehwere.com’; DROP TABLE members; –‘

139. You setup SNMP in multiple offices of your company. Your SNMP software manager is not receiving data from other offices like it is for your main office. You suspect that firewall changes are to blame. What ports should you open for SNMP to work through Firewalls?

You are carrying out the last round of testing for your new website before it goes live. The website has many dynamic pages and connects to a SQL backend that accesses your product inventory in a database. You come across a web security site that recommends inputting the following code into a search field on web pages to check for vulnerabilities: When you type this and click on search, you receive a pop-up window that says: “This is a test.” What is the result of this test?

If an attacker’s computer sends an IPID of 31400 to a zombie computer on an open port in IDLE scanning, what will be the response?

Michael works for Kimball Construction Company as senior security analyst. As part of yearly security audit, Michael scans his network for vulnerabilities. Using Nmap, Michael conducts XMAS scan and most of the ports scanned do not give a response. In what state are these ports?

You are assisting a Department of Defense contract company to become compliant with the stringent security policies set by the DoD. One such strict rule is that firewalls must only allow incoming connections that were first initiated by internal computers. What type of firewall must you implement to abide by this policy?

Jessica works as systems administrator for a large electronics firm. She wants to scan her network quickly to detect live hosts by using ICMP ECHO Requests. What type of scan is Jessica going to perform?

You work as an IT security auditor hired by a law firm in Boston to test whether you can gain access to sensitive information about the company clients. You have rummaged through their trash and found very little information. You do not want to set off any alarms on their network, so you plan on performing passive foot printing against their Web servers. What tool should you use?

You are a security analyst performing a penetration tests for a company in the Midwest. After some initial reconnaissance, you discover the IP addresses of some Cisco routers used by the company. You type in the following URL that includes the IP address of one of the routers: http://172.168.4.131/level/99/exec/show/config After typing in this URL, you are presented with the entire configuration file for that router. What have you discovered?

What is the following command trying to accomplish?

148. You are the network administrator for a small bank in Dallas, Texas. To ensure network security, you enact a security policy that requires all users to have 14 character passwords. After giving your users 2 weeks notice, you change the Group Policy to force 14 character passwords. A week later you dump the SAM database from the standalone server and run a password-cracking tool against it. Over 99% of the passwords are broken within an hour. Why were these passwords cracked so Quickly?

An “idle” system is also referred to as what?

Larry is an IT consultant who works for corporations and government agencies. Larry plans on shutting down the city’s network using BGP devices and zombies? What type of Penetration Testing is Larry planning to carry out?